Scientific publications

Our members are very invested in APECS Belgium, but they also write a lot. Check out their latest publications!

Are you afraid you won't understand a word of all this nerdy, scientific jargon? Don't worry, we have what you need just here.

2023

Yunda-Guarin G., Michel L. N., Roy V., Friscour N., Nozais C., Archambault P. & Gosselin M (2023). Trophic ecology of epibenthic communities exposed to different sea-ice concentrations across the Canadian Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 217: 103105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103105

Delhaye, L., Elskens, M., Ricaurte-Villota, C., Cerpa, L. and Kochzius, M. (2023). Baseline concentrations, spatial distribution and origin of trace elements in marine surface sediments of the northern Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Pollution Bulletin 187, 114501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114501

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2022

L. Ardoin, M.W. Broadley, M. Almayrac, G. Avice, D.J. Byrne, A. Tarantola, A. Lepland, T. Saito, T. Komiya, T. Shibuya, B. Marty. The end of the isotopic evolution of atmospheric xenon. Geochemical Perspectives Letters, 20, 43-47, 2022

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Troch, M., Bertrand, S., Wellner, J. S., Lange, C. B., Pantoja-Gutiérrez, S., Hughen, K. A. (in review). Postglacial fluctuations of western outlet glaciers of the Southern Patagonian Icefield reconstructed from fjord sediments (Chile, 50°S). Quaternary Science Reviews.

M.G.P. Cavitte, H. Goosse, S. Wauthy, T. Kausch, J.L. Tison, B. Van Liefferinge, F. Pattyn, J.T.M. Lenaerts, P. Claeys. From ice core to ground-penetrating radar: representativeness of SMB at three ice rises along the Princess Ragnhild Coast, East Antarctica, Journal of Glaciology, 1-13, doi:10.1017/jog.2022.3 9

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Monhonval, A., Strauss, J., Thomas, M., Hirst, C., Titeux, H., Louis, J., Gilliot, A., du Bois d'Aische, E., Pereira, B., Vandeuren, A., Grosse, G., Schirrmeister, L., Jongejans, L.L., Ulrich, M., Opfergelt, S., 2022. Thermokarst processes increase the supply of stabilizing surfaces and elements (Fe, Mn, Al, and Ca) for mineral–organic carbon interactions. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 2022; 33( 4): 452- 469. doi:10.1002/ppp.2162

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Troch, M., Bertrand, S., Lange, C. B., Cárdenas, P., Arz, H., Pantoja-Gutiérrez, S., De Pol-Holz, R., Kilian, R. (2022). Glacial isostatic adjustment near the center of the former Patagonian Ice Sheet (48°S) during the last 16.5 kyr. Quaternary Science Reviews, 277, 107346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107346 – impact factor (2021): 4.456.

Yang, C. X., Cagnazzo, C., Artale, V., Nardelli, B. B., Buontempo, C., Busatto, J., Caporaso, L., Cesarini, C., Cionni, I., Coll, J., Crezee, B., Cristofanelli, P., de Toma, V., Essa, Y. H., Eyring, V., Fierli, F., Grant, L., Hassler, B., Hirschi, M., Huybrechts, P., Le Merle, E., Leonelli, F. E., Lin, X., Madonna, F., Mason, E., Massonnet, F., Marcos, M., Marullo, S., Müller, B., Obregon, A., Organelli, E., Palacz, A., Pascual, A., Pisano, A., Putero, D., Rana, A., Sánchez-Román, A., Seneviratne, S. I., Serva, F., Storto, A., Thiery, W., Throne, P., Tricht, L. V., Verhaegen, Y., Volpe, G., and Santoleri, R. 2022. Independent quality assessment of essential climate variables: lessons learnt from the Copernicus Climate Change Service. Bulletin of the American meteorological society, E2032–E2049, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0109.1.

Villani, M., Mauclet, E., Agnan, Y., Druel, A., Jasinski, B., Taylor, M., ... & Opfergelt, S. (2022). Mineral element recycling in topsoil following permafrost degradation and a vegetation shift in sub-Arctic tundra. Geoderma, 421, 115915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115915

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Mauclet, E., Agnan, Y., Hirst, C., Monhonval, A., Pereira, B., Vandeuren, A., Villani, M., Ledman, J., Taylor, M., Jasinski, B. L., Schuur, E. A. G., and Opfergelt, S.: Changing sub-Arctic tundra vegetation upon permafrost degradation: impact on foliar mineral element cycling, Biogeosciences, 19, 2333–2351, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2333-2022, 2022.

Mauclet, E., Villani, M., Monhonval, A., Hirst, C., Schuur, E. A. G., and Opfergelt, S.: Quantifying stocks in exchangeable base cations in permafrost: a reserve of nutrients about to thaw, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-240, in review, 2022.

Kazmierczak, E., Sun, S., Coulon, V., and Pattyn, F., 2022: Subglacial hydrology modulates basal sliding response of the Antarctic ice sheet to climate forcing, The Cryosphere, 16, 4537–4552, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4537-2022, 2022.

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Morris, A. D., Wilson, S. J., Fryer, R. J., Thomas, P. J., Hudelson, K., Andreasen, B., Blévin, P., Bustamante, P., Chastel, O., Christensen, G., Dietz, R., Evans, M., Evenset, A., Ferguson, S. H., Fort, J., Gamberg, M., Grémillet, D., Houde, M., Letcher, R. J., Pinzone, M., ... & Rigét, F. F. (15 September 2022). Temporal trends of mercury in Arctic biota: 10 more years of progress in Arctic monitoring. Science of the Total Environment, 839, 155803.

Dietz, R., Letcher, R. J., Aars, J., Andersen, M., Boltunov, A., Born, E. W., Ciesielski, T. M., Das, K., Dastnai, S., Derocher, A. E., Desforges, J.-P., Eulaers, I., Ferguson, S., Hallanger, I. G., Heide-Jørgensen, M. P., Heimbürger-Boavida, L.-E., Hoekstra, P. F., Jenssen, B. M., Kohler, S. G., Pinzone, M., ... & Sonne, C. (15 March 2022). A risk assessment review of mercury exposure in Arctic marine and terrestrial mammals. Science of the Total Environment, 829, 154445.

Pinzone, M., Cransveld, A., De Boeck, G., Shrivastava, J., Tessier, E., Bérail, S., Schnitzler, J., Amouroux, D., & Das, K. (2022). Dynamics of dietary mercury determined by mercury speciation and isotopic composition in Dicentrarchus labrax. Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry, 3 (767202).

Kutterolf, S., Freundt, A., Hansteen, T. H., Dettbarn, R., Hampel, F., Sievers, C., Wittig, C., Allen, S. R., Druitt, T. H., McPhie, J., Nomikou, P., Pank, K., Schindlbeck-Belo, J. C., Wang, K.-L., Lee, H.-Y., & Friedrichs, B. 2021. The Medial Offshore Record of Explosive Volcanism Along the Central to Eastern Aegean Volcanic Arc: 1. Tephrostratigraphic Correlations. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 22(12), e2021GC010010.

2021

M.G.P. Cavitte, D.A. Young, R. Mulvaney, C. Ritz, J.S. Greenbaum, G. Ng, Scott D Kempf, Enrica Quartini, G.R. Muldoon, J. Paden, M. Frezzotti, J.L. Roberts, C.R. Tozer, D.M. Schroeder, D.D. Blankenship. A detailed radiostratigraphic data set for the central East Antarctic Plateau spanning from the Holocene to the mid-Pleistocene, Earth System Science Data, 13 (10), 4759-4777, doi:10.5194/essd-13-4759-2021, 2021

Le Bourg B., Kuklinski P., Balazy P., Lepoint G., Michel L. N (2021). Interactive effects of body size and environmental gradient on the trophic ecology of sea stars in an Antarctic fjord. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 674: 189-202. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps13821

H. Goosse, Q. Dalaiden, M.G.P. Cavitte, L. Zhang. Can we reconstruct the formation of large open-ocean polynyas in the Southern Ocean using ice core records? Climate of the Past, 17 (1), 111-131, doi:10.5194/cp-17-111-2021, 2021

L.H. Beem, D.A. Young, J.S. Greenbaum, D.D. Blankenship, M.G.P. Cavitte, J. Guo, S. Bo. Aerogeophysical characterization of Titan Dome, East Antarctica, and potential as an ice core target, The Cryosphere, 15 (4), 1719-1730, doi:10.5194/tc-15-1719-2021, 2021

Frossard, A., De Maeyer, L., Adamczyk, M., Svenning, M.M., Verleyen, E. and Frey, B. 2021. Microbial carbon use and associated changes in microbial community structure in high-Arctic tundra soils under elevated temperature. SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY, 162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108419

Troch, M., Bertrand, S., Amann, B., Liu, D., Placencia, J. A., Gonzalez, H. E., Lange, C. B. (2021). Sediment provenance in the Baker-Martínez fjord system (Chile, 48°S) indicated by magnetic susceptibility and inorganic geochemistry. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 612309. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.612309 – impact factor (2021): 5.247.

Lin, X., Massonnet, F., Fichefet, T., and Vancoppenolle, M. 2021. SITool (v1. 0)–a new evaluation tool for large-scale sea ice simulations: application to CMIP6 OMIP. Geoscientific Model Development, 14(10), 6331-6354. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6331-2021

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Vanhellemont, Q., Lambrechts, S., Savaglia, V., Tytgat, B., Verleyen, E. and Vyverman, W., 2021. Towards physical habitat characterisation in the Antarctic Sør Rondane Mountains using satellite remote sensing. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 23, p.100529.

Pinzone, M.* , Cransveld, A.* , Tessier, E., Bérail, S., Schnitzler, J., Das, K., & Amouroux, D. (15 July 2021). Contamination levels and habitat use influence Hg accumulation and stable isotope ratios in the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Environmental Pollution. Series A, Ecological and Biological, 281, 117008.

Pinzone, M., Nordoy, E. S., Eppe, G., Malherbe, C., Das, K., & Collard, F. (June 2021). First record of plastic debris in the stomach of a hooded seal pup from the Greenland Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, 112350.

Feba F, Ashok K, Collins M and Shetye SR (2021) “Emerging Skill in Multi-YearPrediction of the Indian Ocean Dipole”. Frontiers in Climate 3:736759

2020

M.G.P. Cavitte, Q. Dalaiden, H. Goosse, J.T.M. Lenaerts, E.R. Thomas. Reconciling the surface temperature–surface mass balance relationship in models and ice cores in Antarctica over the last 2 centuries, The Cryosphere, 14 (11), 4083-4102, doi:10.5194/tc-14-4083-2020, 2020

Q. Dalaiden, H. Goosse, J.T.M. Lenaerts, M.G.P. Cavitte, N Henderson. Future Antarctic snow accumulation trend is dominated by atmospheric synoptic-scale events, Communications Earth & Environment, 1 (1), 1-9, doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00062-x, 2020

Lin, X., Zhai, X., Wang, Z., and Munday, D. 2020. Southern Ocean wind stress in CMIP5 models: Role of wind fluctuations. Journal of Climate, 33, 1209–1226. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0466.1

Wu, Y., Wang, Z., Liu, C., and Lin, X. 2020. Impacts of High-Frequency Atmospheric Forcing on Southern Ocean Circulation and Antarctic Sea Ice. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 515-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-020-9203-x

Bradley, A., Höfer, J., Savaglia, V. and Eayrs, C., 2020. Survey on early career travel support shows geographic, career stage, and indigenous status inequality in access to polar science events. Advances in Geosciences, 53, pp.73-85.

Sun, S., Pattyn, F., Simon, E. G., Albrecht, T., Cornford, S., Calov, R., ... & Zhang, T. (2020). Antarctic ice sheet response to sudden and sustained ice-shelf collapse (ABUMIP). Journal of Glaciology, 66(260), 891-904.

Blévin, P., Aars, J., Andersen, M., Blanchet, M.-A., Hanssen, L., Herzke, D., Jeffreys, R. M., Nordøy, E. S., Pinzone, M., de la Vega, C., & Routti, H. (2020). Pelagic vs Coastal - Key Drivers of Pollutant Levels in Barents Sea Polar Bears with Contrasted Space-Use Strategies. Environmental Science and Technology, 54 (2), 985- 995.

2019

Kern,R., Hotter,V., Frossard, A., Albrecht, M., Baum, C., Tytgat, B., De Maeyer, L., Velazquez, D., Seppey, V.W.C., Beat, F., Plötze, M., Verleyen, E., Quesada, A., Svenning, M.M., Galaser, K. and Karsten, U. 2019 Comparative vegetation survey with focus on cryptogamic covers in the high Arctic along two differing catenas. POLAR BIOLOGY, 42(11), 2131-2145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02588-z

Michel L. N., Danis B., Dubois P., Eleaume M., Fournier J., Gallut C., Jane P., Lepoint G (2019). Increased sea ice cover alters food web structure in East Antarctica. Scientific Reports, 9: 8062. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44605-5

Savaglia, V., Matula, C.V., Quartino, M.L., Valli Francione, M. and Zacher, K., 2019. Physiological response to irradiance, temperature and co-cultivation in Antarctic engineering brown algae (Desmarestia menziesii and D. anceps). Polar Biology, 42(11), pp.2031-2044.

Pinzone, M.* , Damseaux, F.* , Michel, L., & Das, K. (December 2019). Stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur and mercury concentrations as descriptors of trophic ecology and contamination sources of Mediterranean whales. Chemosphere, 237.

Schnitzler, J., Reckendorf, A., Pinzone, M., Autenrieth, M., Tiedemann, R., Covaci, A., Malarvannan, G., Ruser, A., Das, K., & Siebert, U. (2019). Supporting evidence for PCB pollution threatening global killer whale population. Aquatic Toxicology, 206, 102-104.

Ashok, F. Feba and C T Tejavath (Mausam, 2019). “The Indian Summer MonsoonRainfall and ENSO: A review”,MAUSAM, 70, 3 (July 2019), 443-452

2018

M.G.P. Cavitte, F. Parrenin, C. Ritz, D.A. Young, D.D. Blankenship, M. Frezzotti and J.L. Roberts. Accumulation patterns around Dome C, East Antarctica, in the last 73 kyr, The Cryosphere, 12(4), p.1401, doi:10.5194/tc-12-1401-2018 , 2017

M.G.P. Cavitte, D.D. Blankenship, D.A. Young, D.M. Schroeder, F. Parrenin, E. Le Meur, J. A. Macgregor and M. Siegert. Deep radiostratigraphy of the East Antarctic plateau: connecting the Dome C and Vostok ice core sites, Journal of Glaciology, 62, 232, 323-334, doi:10.1017/jog.2016.11, 2016

B. Van Liefferinge, F. Pattyn, M.G.P. Cavitte, N.B. Karlsson, D.A. Young, J. Sutter, and O. Eisen, Promising Oldest Ice sites in East Antarctica based on thermodynamical modelling, The Cryosphere, 12, 2773-2787, doi:10.5194/tc-12-2773-2018 , 2018

O. Passalacqua, M.G.P. Cavitte, O. Gagliardini, F. Gillet-Chaulet, F. Parrenin, C. Ritz, and D.A. Young, Brief communication: Candidate sites of 1.5 Myr old ice 37 km southwest of the Dome C summit, East Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 12, 2167-2174, doi:10.5194/tc-12-2167-2018 , 2018

E. Le Meur, O. Magand, L. Arnaud, M. Fily, M. Frezzotti, M. Cavitte, R. Mulvaney, and S. Urbini. Spatial and temporal distributions of surface mass balance between Concordia and Vostok stations, Antarctica, from combined radar and ice core data: first results and detailed error analysis, The Cryosphere, 12(5), p.1831, doi:10.5194/tc-12-1831-2018 , 2018

Lin, X., Zhai, X., Wang, Z., and Munday, D. 2018. Mean, variability and trend of Southern Ocean wind stress: Role of wind fluctuations. Journal of Climate, 31, 3557–3573. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0481.1

Lin, X., and Wang, Z. 2018. Simulated impact of Southern Hemisphere westerlies on Antarctic Continental Shelf Bottom Water temperature. Advances in Polar Science, 29(3), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.13679/j.advps.2018.3.00215

Schnitzler, J., Pinzone, M., Autenrieth, M., van Neer, A., IJsseldijk, L. L., Barber, J. L., Deavile, R., Jepson, P., Brownlow, A., Schaffeld, T., Thomé, J.-P., Tiedemann, R., Das, K., & Siebert, U. (19 July 2018). Inter-individual differences in contamination profiles as tracer of social group association in stranded sperm whales. Scientific Reports, 8 (10958), 11. d

Feba, F., Ashok, K. & Ravichandran, M.“Role of changed Indo-Pacific atmosphericcirculation in the recent disconnect between the Indian summer monsoon and ENSO”, ClimDyn (2018)

2017

L.H. Beem, M.G.P. Cavitte, D.D. Blankenship, S.P. Carter, D.A. Young, G.R.Muldoon, C.S. Jackson and M.J. Siegert. Ice-flow reorganization within the East Antarctic Ice Sheet deep interior, GSL, Special Publications, 461, doi:10.1144/SP461.14, 2017

F. Parrenin, M.G.P. Cavitte, D.D. Blankenship, J. Chappellaz, H. Fischer, O. Gagliardini, V. Masson-Delmotte, O. Passalacqua, C. Ritz, J.R. Roberts, M.J. Siegert and D.A. Young. Is there 1.5 million-year old ice near Dome C, Antarctica?, The Cryosphere, 11, 6, 2427-2437, doi:10.5194/tc-11-2427-2017, 2017

A. Winter, D. Steinhage, E.J. Arnold, D.D. Blankenship, M.G.P. Cavitte, H.F.J. Corr, J.D. Paden, S. Urbini, D.A. Young and O. Eisen. Comparison of measurements from different radio-echo sounding systems and synchronization with the ice core at Dome C, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 1, 653-668, doi:10.5194/tc-11-653-2017, doi:10.5194/tc-11-653-2017, 2017

D.A.Young, J.L. Roberts, C. Ritz, M. Frezzotti, E. Quartini, M.G.P. Cavitte, C.R. Tozer, D. Steinhage, S. Urbini, H.F.J. Corr, T. Van Ommen, and D.D. Blankenship. High-resolution boundary conditions of an old ice target near Dome C, Antarctica, The Cryosphere, 11, 1897-1911, doi:10.5194/tc-11-1897- 2017 , 2017

Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Lin, X., et al. 2017. Impacts of open ocean deep convection in the Weddell Sea on coastal and bottom water temperature. Climate Dynamics, 48, 2967–2981. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3244-y

Pinzone, M., Acquarone, M., Huyghebaert, L., Sturaro, N., Michel, L., Siebert, U., & Das, K. (01 August 2017). Carbon, Nitrogen and Sulphur isotopic fractionation in captive juvenile hooded seal (Cystophora cristata): application for diet analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 31, 1720-1728.

2016

Zacher, K., Savaglia, V. and Bartsch, I., 2016. Effects of temperature and interspecific competition on growth and photosynthesis of two endemic Antarctic Desmarestia species. Algological studies.

2015

Das, K., Dorneles, P. R., Pinzone, M., Damseaux, F., & Covaci, A. (2015). Skin and blubber biopsies from whales and dolphins: implications for the study of pollutant exposure. Organohalogen Compounds.

Pinzone, M., Budzinski, H., Tasciotti, A., Ody, D., Lepoint, G., Schnitzler, J., Scholl, G., Thomé, J.-P., Tapie, N., Eppe, G., & Das, K. (2015). POPs in free-ranging pilot whales, sperm whales and fin whales from the Mediterranean Sea: Influence of biological and ecological factors. Environmental Research, 142, 185-196.

2014

K.A. Casey, T.J. Fudge, T.A. Neumann, E.J. Steig, M.G.P. Cavitte and D.D. Blankenship. The 1500 m South Pole Ice Core: recovering a 40 ka environmental record, Annals of Glaciology, 55, 68, 137-146, doi:10.3189/2014AoG68A016, 2014

2012

Sterken, M., Roberts, S.J., Hodgson, D.A., Vyverman,W., Balbo, A., Sabbe, K., Moreton, S., Verleyen, E. 2012. Holocene glacial and climate history of Prince Gustav Channel, northeastern Antarctic Peninsula. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 31(1-2), 94-112).

2011

Roberts, S.J., Hodgson, D.A., Sterken,M., Verleyen, E., Vyverman, W., Sabbe, K., Balbo, A., Bentley, M.J. 2011. Geological constraints on glacio-isostatic adjustment models of relative sea level change during deglaciation of the north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(25-26), doi:10.1016/j.quascierev.2011.09.009).

Verleyen, E., Hodgson, D.A., Sabbe, K., Cremer,H., Emslie, S.D., Gibson, J., Hall, B., Imura, S., Kudoh, S., Marshall, G.J., McMinn, A., Melles, M., Newman, L., Roberts, D., Roberts, S.J., Singh, S.M., Sterken, M., Tavernier, I., Verkulich, S., Van de Vyver, E., Van Nieuwenhuyze, W., Wagner, B., Vyverman, W. 2011. Postglacial regional climate variability along the East Antarctic coastal margin – evidence from shallow marine and coastal terrestrial records. (Earth Science Reviews, 104, 199-212).

Van de Vijver, B., Zidarova, R., Sterken, M., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Vyverman, W., Hinz, F., deHaan, M. 2011.The genus Navicula s.s. (Bacillariophyceae) in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. (Phycologia, 50(3), 281-297).

VandeVijver, B., Sterken, M., Vyverman, W., Mataloni, G., Nedbalova, L., Kopalova, K., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K. 2011. Four new non-marine diatom taxa from the subantarctic and Antarctic regions. (Diatom Research 25(2):431-443).

2010

Bertrand, S., Sterken, M., Vargas Ramirez, L., De Batist, M., Vyverman, W., Lepoint, G., Fagel, N. 2010. Bulk organic geochemistry of sediments from Puyehue Lake and watershed (Chile, 40°S): Implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.(Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology, 294, 56-71).

2009

Verleyen, E., Vyverman, W., Sterken, M., Hodgson, D.A., De Wever, A., Juggins, S., Van de Vijver, B., Jones, V.J., Vanormelingen, P., Roberts, D., Flower, R., Kilroy, C., Souffreau, C., Sabbe, K. 2009. The importance of dispersal related and local factors in shaping the taxonomic structure of diatom metacommunities. (Oikos). DOI:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17575.x

2008

Sterken, M., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Terryn, G., Charlet, F., Bertrand, S., Boës, X., Fagel, N., De Batist, M. and Vyverman, W. 2008. Late Quaternary climatic changes in southern Chile, as recorded in a diatom sequence of Lago Puyehue (40°40’S). (J. Paleolimnol., 39(2),219-235).

2007

Vyverman, W., Verleyen, E., Sabbe, K., Vanhoutte, K., Sterken, M., Hodgson, D.A., Mann, D.G., Juggins, S., Van de Vijver, B., Jones, V.J., Flower, R., Roberts, D., Chepurnov, V., Kilroy, C., Vanormelingen, P., De Wever, A. 2007. Historical processes constrain patterns in global diatom diversity. (Ecology, 88 (8), 1924-1931).